Unbounded Loyalty: Frontier Crossing in Liao ChinaUnbounded Loyalty investigates how frontiers worked before the modern nation state was invented. The perspective is that of the people in the borderlands who shifted their allegiance from the post Tang regimes in North China to the new Liao empire (907 1125). Naomi Standen offers new ways of thinking about borders, loyalty, and identity in premodern China. She takes as her starting point the recognition that, at the time, China did not exist as a